There is a danger that coaches can focus on the game and forget about the substitutes, which can leave them feeling left out and neglected.

Think about adopting a policy that encourages the active participation of the substitutes within the game. Maybe give some responsibility to a trusted parent or assistant coach to spend some time keeping them warmed up. Possibly, ask questions of them - for example, what do they think the oppositions strengths and weaknesses are - give them tasks - count how many crosses we put in their box or count the successive passes we have as a team.

The important element is to actively involve the substitutes and make them feel a part of the team.

It is also very important that all players have the opportunity to play some part in the game. It doesn't do any players any good to be left on the sidelines all the game.

Make sure that before the substitute players enter the pitch, they have had a proper warm up and they are given instructions about their individual role and role within the team.

Very few players are actually that happy about being substituted. We all want to play all the time. Give the player being substituted an initial, brief but positive recognition of their contribution to the game. Then allow the player to have a drink, get warm clothing on and compose themselves. At an appropriate break in the game or ideally after the game, have a quite word with the player. Start with a positive approach, give them some feedback on their performance - don't be frightened of offering constructive criticism on how they played and finish with an upbeat, positive message. This kind of communication - Positive - constructive comment - Positive - is called a "feedback sandwich" and is designed to improve the players learning, whilst ensuring their self confidence and self esteem are maintained and kept intact.